and he asked him about Islam. He said: "Islam is to testify that there is no deity except Allāh and that Muḥammad is the Messenger of Allāh, to establish prayer, to give zakāh, to fast during Ramaḍān, and to perform ḥajj to the House if you are able to find a way to it." He said: So what is īmān? He said: "It is to believe in Allāh, His angels, His books, His messengers, the resurrection after death, and to believe in the divine decree, its good and its bad." He said: So what is iḥsān? He said: "It is to worship Allāh as if you see Him, for if you do not see Him, indeed He sees you." Then he said at the end of the ḥadīth: "This is Jibrīl who came to you to teach you your religion," thus making all of this part of the religion. And religion encompasses the meaning of submission and humility. It is said, "I subjected him, so he submitted," meaning "I humbled him, so he was humbled." It is also said, "He practices religion for Allāh and submits to Allāh," meaning he worships Allāh, obeys Him, and submits to Him. So the religion of Allāh is His worship, obedience, and submission to Him. The original meaning of worship also implies humility. It is said, "A well-trodden path" when it is humbled, having been walked upon by feet. However, the worship that is commanded includes the meaning of humility and the meaning of love, as it encompasses the utmost humility to Allāh with the utmost love for Him. For the end

It is devotion, and its beginning is attachment, as the heart becomes attached to the beloved. Then comes yearning, as the heart pours towards it. Then comes passion, which is the love that clings to the heart. Then comes infatuation, and its end is devotion. It is said, "Devoted to Allāh," meaning a servant of Allāh, so the devoted one is enslaved to his beloved. And whoever submits to a person while disliking him is not considered a worshiper of him. And if someone loves something but does not submit to it, he is not considered a worshiper of it, just as a man may love his child